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Joseph Thomas Clover (born 28 February 1825 and baptised 7 May 1825 – 27 September 1882)〔 was an English doctor and pioneer of anaesthesia. He invented a variety of pieces of apparatus to deliver anaesthetics including ether and chloroform safely and controllably. By 1871 he had administered anaesthetics 13,000 times without a fatality. Clover assisted at surgery of public figures including Napoleon III, Princess Alexandra of Denmark and her husband King Edward VII (then Prince of Wales), Sir Robert Peel, and Florence Nightingale. His inventions included the bulky 'Clover's chloroform apparatus' (1862), with which he was often photographed; and the compact 'Clover's portable regulating ether inhaler' (1877), which remained in used well into the 20th century. With fellow pioneer John Snow, Clover is one of the supporters on the crest of the Royal College of Anaesthetists. ==Early life== Clover was born in the town of Aylsham, Norfolk 〔Rushman, page 27.〕 to John Wright Clover, a draper and shopkeeper, and Elizabeth Mary Ann Clover (née Peterson) John Wright Clover's second wife (married at Aylsham on 11 June 1821). He was educated at the Gray Friars' Priory School, Norwich.〔 When he was 16, Clover was apprenticed as a surgical dresser to a local surgeon, Charles Gibson.〔Maltby, page 39.〕 Clover enrolled to study medicine at University College Hospital in 1844, where Joseph Lister (the pioneer of antisepsis) was a fellow student.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Joseph Thomas Clover」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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